The Swedish Salt Market during the Great Northern War

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of the great naval blockade on the Swedish salt market during the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Whether or not salt can be perceived as a strategic good subject of wartime shortage is important in interpreting the reasons behind the famous Swedish Navigation Act of 1724. New research claims that the Navigation Act was a welfare enhancing institution, as it helped to secure salt imports. This essay shows that although Sweden was at war with most European Great Powers and the subject of sea blockades during the Great Northern War, the salt market still worked remarkably well. Neither supply nor salt movements show any signs of a great crisis. Thus, there was no need to secure salt imports during the period of peace that followed. Consequently, the Swedish Navigation Act had little to do with welfare but more with rent seeking and monopolies on the freight market.     

经济发展的最重要前提是人的自由发展

人的发展与经济发展是相辅相成的。因此,在经济发展的过程中如何促进人的全面自由发展,如何促进实现经济发展与人的自由发展的相互协调,是理论研究工作者要攻克的首要问题。文章认为,经济发展中要保障人的全面自由发展,需要坚持人性与经济发展的可持续发展路径、建立知识共享的科学体系和进行劳动力市场制度改革。     

中国服务业FDI决定因素的实证分析

本文通过对我国服务业利用FDI的影响因素进行实证分析,验证各个解释变量对被解释变量的相关程度,先对数据的平稳性进行分析,然后综合运用ADF平稳性检验,Granger因果关系和协整检验,对各自变量对因变量的影响程度及其原因展开了深入分析。     

经济转型期广西跨越式发展的困境与出路

2012年广西GDP超万亿元,广西进入"后3000美元时代"。GDP超万亿元后广西将处在加快发展和经济转型的重叠时期,这一时期广西实现跨越式发展将面临"瓶颈制约、结构束缚、体制障碍"三个重大难题,而"调结构、转方式"是广西直面发展困境、破解发展难题的最佳选择。     

新疆与中亚五国经济贸易发展研究

中国新疆与中亚五国的对外经济贸易对于加强国际经济合作,促进边疆地区的经济和社会发展,以及推动新疆跨越式发展均有重要意义。本文对2002-2011年中国新疆与中亚五国对外贸易情况进行了实证分析,揭示新疆与中亚五国经济贸易发展中需要关注的问题:贸易发展不平衡,质量和效益不高;俄白哈关税同盟带来挑战;边境贸易占主导,加工贸易较薄弱;贸易结算方式亟待改进。对于这些问题,本文提出了相关建议,以推动新疆外贸发展。     

国民财富变化与可持续发展

当代的经济学家认为可持续发展就是创造、保持和管理财富的过程。结合1995~2005年的国民财富变动数据,分析当前世界与中国的国民财富变化特征,可以从变化中对当前世界不同发展程度国家及中国的可持续发展现状做出评价。     

农民专业合作经济组织发展问题探析

发展农民专业合作经济组织是解决农民增收问题最有效的途径。本文在借鉴国内外农民合作经济组织发展情况的基础上,分析了目前影响我国农民专业合作经济组织存在的普遍问题,并有针对性地提出了建议和对策。     

The Great Recession and Racial Inequality: Evidence from Measures of Economic Well-Being

Abstract:

The Great Recession had a tremendous impact on low-income Americans, in particular Black and Latino Americans. The losses in terms of employment and earnings are matched only by the losses in terms of real wealth. In many ways, however, these losses are merely a continuation of trends that have been unfolding for more than two decades. We examine the changes in overall economic well-being and inequality, as well as changes in racial economic inequality during and since the Great Recession. We find that the Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well-Being inequality between White and Black households decreased during the Great Recession but since 2010, racial inequality in terms of LIMEW has increased. We find that changes in base income, taxes, and income from non-home wealth during the Great Recession produced declines in overall inequality, while only taxes reduced between-group racial inequality.     

Crisis of Governance

Abstract

This paper looks at links between firms' behavior and the institutional environment in Russia. It seeks to show that the intentional weakening of the economic and administrative role of the state in the early stages of reforms has increased the economic and social cost of transition. This happens as the majority of firms in Russia still prefer short-term solutions and partial adjustment to full-scale restructuring as they often fail to show anticipated responses following privatization and price liberalization. The shortage of market-type response can be attributed to the fragility of market-based incentives. The new institutional economics maintains that the cradle for these incentives is the system of institutions, which are the rules of the game in the society or, more formally, the humanly-devised constraints that shape human interactions. Accordingly, this paper argues that for the post-communist reforms to achieve their objectives, it is essential for the state to provide a framework, institutionalizing economic conflict and thus contributing to sustainable development. However, the analysis suggests that the evolvement of a modern institutional rëgime in the country is likely to be delayed as a consequence of vested interest of a number of powerful economic groups.     

转型背景中人力资源管理的新视角

在经济转型的时代背景下,中国企业的人力资源管理模式面临许多新的挑战,必须进行创新和变革。根据复杂多变的环境和时代要求,企业应在选人、育人、用人和留人四大系统为人力资源管理提供新的管理内容。在选人上,应呈现人才选拔过程的多元化;育人的关键是要转变员工的培训观念并促进培训效果的良好转化;在用人上,要运用心理契约,同时重视岗位轮换与工作设计;留人的重点是管理者应多关注员工心理健康并运用情感管理。